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Bidens pilosa normally behaves as an annual weed but at least one form, B. One study found that B. Leaf blades vary in shape. Thorough cultivation discourages growth. Back to top.{/INSERTKEYS}{/PARAGRAPH} Some components of an integrated management approach are introduced below. Bidens pilosa can be controlled by persistent mowing, hoeing and hand pulling in order to prevent seed production. Flowering occurs over most of the year. Bidens pilosa is naturalised throughout the tropics. {PARAGRAPH}{INSERTKEYS}Click on images to enlarge. The seeds are black, flattened, linear in shape 0. Heads are arranged in branched inflorescences at the ends of the branches. Seeds germinate on the soil surface or in shallow soil to a depth of 1 cm. Stems are square in cross section quadrangular , mostly hairless and green to purplish in colour. They are also spread by wind, water and soil. Control is generally best applied to the least infested areas before dense infestations are tackled. Bidens pilosa is an annual herb with an erect habit to 1. It is used as a medicinal plant in many regions of Africa. Some plants have flower-heads with white or cream 'petals' ray florets up to 1. The best form of invasive species management is prevention. When using any herbicide always read the label first and follow all instructions and safety requirements. Blackjack, Spanish needle, hairy beggar ticks, farmer's friend, cobbler's pegs, pitchforks, kichoma mguu Kiswahili , labika Acholi , muceege Kikuyu , ononot Lango. Suburban Weeds. Flower-heads are mm across with yellow central tubular florets. One isolated plant can produce over 30, seeds, which are generally highly viable. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane. CABI Publishing Accessed March GISD Global Invasive Species Database online data sheet. Not listed as a noxious weed by the state or governments in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. If prevention is no longer possible, it is best to treat the weed infestations when they are small to prevent them from establishing early detection and rapid response. CABI invasive species compendium online data sheet. Bidens pilosa blackjack. Consistent follow-up work is required for sustainable management. Native to tropical America. Flora of South-eastern Queensland. At the base of the plant, leaves tend to be simple and more or less oval in shape, higher up the plant leaves are mostly compound pinnate with egg-shaped with broad end at base ovate leaflets , and the uppermost leaves are smaller and simple or with 3 leaflets trifoliolate. Biological control agents against B. If in doubt consult an expert. There is usually a great flush of germination after tillage of the soil. Kleinschmidt, H. As Bidens pilosa is so widespread this is unlikely to be possible in many instances. Stanley, T. Bidens pilosa is also a host and vector to harmful parasites such as root knot nematodes Meloidogyne species and tomato spotted wilt virus GISD It is also a weed of open areas where dense stands reduce access to roads, trails, and recreational areas, and can damage pavements and walls. Department of primary Industries, Brisbane. The leaves are oppositely arranged with leaf stalks petioles Their margins have forward pointing teeth serrated. Seeds at greater depths remain viable in the soil for many years. Controlling the weed before it seeds will reduce future problems. Volume 2. Bidens pilosa can invade roadsides, crops, pastures, gardens, disturbed areas, fallow lands and urban open space. Leaf or leaflet size varies from 1. Its burrs are a nuisance to people, as well as to sheep and goats. Seeds are widely dispersed through the fruits hook-like bristles that embed themselves in clothing and the fur of mammals and feathers of birds. The burrs are also a seed contaminant. The fresh or dried tender shoots and young leaves are eaten in some cultures, especially in times of food scarcity. Bidens pilosa is a serious weed in many cropping systems in many countries where it reduces yield because of its fast growth and competitive abilities which include allelopathic properties. Bidens pilosa herb www. It is easily recognised by the elongated fruits that bear hooked bristles burrs that embed themselves in people's clothing as they brush past the stems. The precise management measures adopted for any plant invasion will depend upon factors such as the terrain, the cost and availability of labour, the severity of the infestation and the presence of other invasive species. Chemical control regimes depend upon the cropping system in which one is working.